This course builds on foundation knowledge for understanding pathophysiology related to alterations in body systems, physiologic functions and manifestation of disease states. This course explores biological principles and cellular alterations to increase the student’s understanding of the internal dynamics involved in disease processes. The course focuses on the application of critical thinking and decision- making skills to analyze diverse client presentations of common diseases and nursing care implications. Prerequisite: Minimum grade of “C” in BSC 2086C. Students must have an Associate in Science-Registered Nurse degree which included theoretical instruction and clinical application in medical, surgical, obstetrical, pediatric, geriatric, and psychiatric nursing; personal, family, and community health concepts; pharmacology and administration of medications; legal aspects of practice; interpersonal relationships and leadership skills; professional role and function; health teaching and counseling skills; and clinical experience in acute care, long- term care, and community settings.